Poverty, high population pressure on the land, expanding family size and lack of basic infrastructural facilities like health care, education along with climate change and natural disaster is forcing people to migrate from rural to urban areas

The migration of rural labourers of Bihar is both permanent as well as seasonal in nature. The seasonal migration of Bihari labourers in Assam is mostly categorised as weavers, Bricklin workers, rice godown workers, while permanent migration includes workers who get regular work throughout the year and acquire handsome income from the work.

In the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh agricultural land remains empty during the Rabi season due to drought which imbalanced the village economy and food security, causing people to migrate to urban cities for employment and survival. More than 50% availability of irrigation facilities in the region is affected by drought in this region.

However, it's not happening only within India but outside India also.

The present industrial age has been facilitated by better means of communication which have paved the way for large-scale migration outside India. A big chunk of the population of Gujarat, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal states has migrated to the advanced European countries like Britain, France, Germany, and other countries. Inside India too, a large scale of unskilled labourers of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal have migrated to advanced states of Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Migration, a global phenomenon caused not only by economic factors but many other factors like social, political, cultural, environmental, health, and education. As per the Census, India had 45.6 crore migrants in 2011 (38% of the population) compared to 31.5 crore migrants in 2001 (31% of the population). Rural-urban migration is the most common form of internal migration in a country like India.

Such overcrowding of people due to such fast rural-urban migration has put pressure on the existing social and physical infrastructure in the urban areas. It leads to the unplanned growth of urban settlement and the formation of slums shanty colonies and due to the over-exploitation of natural resources, cities are facing the acute problem of depletion of groundwater, air pollution, disposal of sewage and management of solid wastes. However, migration has been changing the perceptions and thoughts of people who come to cities and intermix with diverse people and customs which led to the evolution of composite culture and breaking thoughts of the narrow considerations.